RESEARCH HUB International Multidisciplinary Research Journal
UGC Guidelines on Peer-Reviewed Journals The RESEARCH HUB International Multidisciplinary Research Journal [RHIMRJ] is an international double blind, peer-reviewed, online journal in English, Hindi and Gujarati languages that provides platform to the academicians and scholars to enrich their expertise in multidisciplinary research areas. The journal offers rigorous peer review (double blind) and fast publication. The RHIMRJ enables the wide dissemination of research articles, review articles, short communications to the global community without restriction. The journal is open access. Title: RESEARCH HUB International Multidisciplinary Research Journal Frequency of Publication: Monthly [12 issues per year] ISSN (Online): 2349-7637 (Online) Peer Review Process: Double Blind Peer Review Process Subject: Multidisciplinary Languages: English/Hindi/Gujarat [Multiple Languages] Accessibility: Open Access Plagiarism Checker: Turnitin (License) Publication Format: Online Contact No.: +91- 99784 40833 Email: editor@rhimrj.co.in Website: https://rhimrj.co.in/ Old website: https://old.rhimrj.co.in/ Address: 15, Kalyan Nagar, Shahpur, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380004 Journal was listed with UGC till 2nd May 2018 with Journal Number 44951 (UGC List)
Artificial Intelligence Adoption in Journalism and Mass Communication Education: Exploring Perceived Benefits, Barriers, and Future Readiness
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming the landscape of higher education, with Journalism and Mass Communication emerging as one of the disciplines most profoundly influenced by this technological revolution. AI-powered technologies, including generative AI, machine learning, natural language processing, and data analytics, are reshaping teaching methodologies, curriculum design, newsroom simulations, research practices, and multimedia content creation while redefining the competencies expected of future media professionals. At the same time, the integration of AI presents critical challenges related to academic integrity, misinformation, algorithmic bias, ethical responsibility, faculty preparedness, data privacy, and the preservation of fundamental journalistic principles. This conceptual paper critically explores the opportunities, challenges, and future preparedness associated with AI adoption in Journalism and Mass Communication education through an extensive synthesis of contemporary scholarly literature and international policy perspectives. The study argues that AI has the potential to enhance personalized learning, strengthen digital journalism, improve research efficiency, foster innovation in multimedia storytelling, and equip students with industry-relevant skills. However, its successful and sustainable implementation depends upon comprehensive curriculum reform, institutional readiness, robust digital infrastructure, continuous faculty development, responsible AI governance, and the promotion of AI literacy and ethical awareness among both educators and learners. The paper concludes that Artificial Intelligence should be viewed not as a replacement for human creativity, critical thinking, or editorial judgment, but as a transformative educational partner capable of enriching journalism education and preparing future media professionals to thrive in an increasingly intelligent, data-driven, and digitally interconnected communication ecosystem.
A Historical Analysis of Maomariya Rebellion and the Decline of the Ahom Monarchy in Assam
The Maomariya rebellion was one of the most significant socio-political upheavals in the history of Assam, making a decisive phase in the decline of the Ahom monarchy. The rebellion initiated by the followers of the Maomariya branch of Neo-Vaishnavism, emerged from long standing grievances arising from religious persecution other discriminations of the Ahom government. The Maomariya Satra was founded by Aniruddha Bhuyan, alias Aniruddhadeva, who was a disciple of Sankaradeva towards the close of 16th century. These Maomariyas transformed themselves into a rebellious body from a religious sect due to the attitude of the Ahom Government towards them This study examines the historical factors, courses and consequences of the rebellion, with particular emphasis on its political and administrative stability of the Ahom kingdom. Adopting a historical and descriptive methodology, the paper relies on both primary and secondary sources including historical chronicles, scholarly works and archival records. The study argues that the Maomariya rebellion was not merely a sectarian movement but a broader manifestation of structural weaknesses within the Ahom state. The prolonged conflict undermined its military strength, disrupted its economy, weakened central authority and created conditions that facilitated Burmese invasion and eventually British annexation following the Treaty of Yandaboo (1826 AD).
Influence of Parental Involvement on Academic Achievement of Elementary School Students: A Study of Sadar Block, Keonjhar District, Odisha
This study examined the influence of parental involvement on the academic achievement of elementary school students in Sadar Block of Keonjhar District, Odisha. Parental involvement is widely recognized as a significant factor in enhancing students' educational outcomes through home-based support, communication with teachers, supervision of learning activities, and participation in school-related activities. The study aimed to (i) assess the level of parental involvement among elementary school students, (ii) examine the academic achievement of students with reference to gender and locality, and (iii) determine the relationship between parental involvement and academic achievement. A correlational research design was adopted for the study. The population comprised all Class VIII students of elementary schools in Sadar Block, Keonjhar District. A sample of 60 students was selected from five government elementary schools using the simple random sampling technique. Data on parental involvement were collected using a self-developed Parental Involvement Scale consisting of 21 items covering five dimensions: parental attention, parental encouragement, parental guidance, parental decision-making, and provision of physical facilities. Students' academic achievement was measured using their previous year's academic scores. The collected data were analyzed using Mean, Standard Deviation, independent samples t-test, and Pearson's Product Moment Correlation. The findings revealed that there was no significant difference in parental involvement with respect to gender (t = 0.36, p > 0.05) and locality (t = 0.64, p > 0.05). The study further revealed a significant positive correlation between parental involvement and academic achievement (r = 0.328), indicating that higher parental involvement is associated with better academic performance among elementary school students. The study concludes that parental involvement plays an important role in improving students' academic achievement regardless of gender and locality. It recommends strengthening home-school partnerships through regular parent-teacher interactions, awareness programmes, and parental guidance initiatives to promote children's academic success.
Study of Rainfall Pattern of Sumerpur Tehsil, Pali District, Rajasthan
Climate has the greatest impact on the natural vegetation of any region and on the crops grown. Hence it is clear that the climate of a region controls its entire economy. This is the reason why the study of climate is important from both theoretical and practical point of view. The main elements of climate are precipitation, temperature, humidity, air pressure, wind etc. Of these elements of climate, the element affecting the human economy the most is precipitation. Since agriculture, which is the mainstay of the Indian economy, depends on the pattern and intensity of rainfall. But due to irregularity and inconsistency in rainfall, most of the area is dependent on irrigation for agriculture. These areas are located in arid or semi-arid regions and are completely dependent on irrigation facilities, as they receive less rainfall. Sumerpur Tehsil is situated in Pali District, which experiences scarcity of rainfall. In this research paper, we study the changes in the rainfall pattern in the study area in the last 20 years (2003-2022) on the basis of anthropogenic anomalies.
Beyond Right and Wrong: Reinterpreting the Mahabharata's Mythic Universe in Pattanaik's Jaya
This paper analyses Devdutt Pattanaik’s Jaya: An Illustrated Retelling of the Mahabharata (2010) as a deliberate re-visioning of the epic's mythic universe, one that resists the urge to reduce its moral conflicts to a neat binary of heroism and villainy. Popular retellings of the Mahabharata tend to flatten the vast narrative into a simple contest between righteous Pandavas and wicked Kauravas. This study argues that Pattanaik’s method, which combines conversational prose, symbolic illustration, and a deliberate embrace of narrative plurality, reconstructs the epic as a space in which ethical clarity is consistently withheld rather than delivered. The paper starts by analysing Pattanaik’s narrative strategy and how, by situating Jaya as one voice among many in the regional and oral traditions, he makes the myth itself multiple rather than singular or authoritative. It then examines Pattanaik’s discussion of dharma, arguing that his treatment of morally ambivalent characters, especially Bhishma and Karna, reveals a notion of righteousness that is empathetic and self-directed rather than rule-bound or externally adjudicated. In this last analytical section, the argument is extended more generally to the other gods, heroes and villains in Pattanaik’s pantheon. It shows how the gods are often acting with compromised wisdom, the legendary heroes have major unresolved failures, and the common villains are offered valid grievances that implicate the very heroes who oppose them. This paper argues that Jaya is not simply a retelling of the Mahabharata. It is still a reconstruction of its ethical architecture, replacing binary moral judgement with a sustained vision of dharma as irreducibly complex, based on a close reading of the text and recent scholarship on Pattanaik’s narrative and visual strategies. Ultimately, the study places Jaya in the context of larger contemporary practices of mythological retelling as a text that exemplifies how ancient narratives can continue to be meaningful precisely through the preservation, not resolution, of their inherent moral ambiguity.
India–Sri Lanka Relations: An Analysis of Regional Security, Strategic Cooperation, and Diplomatic Dimensions
India and Sri Lanka share a significant bilateral partnership founded on historical, cultural, geographical, and strategic ties. During the period 2014–2025, under India's Neighbourhood First Policy and the SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region) vision, the two countries witnessed substantial growth in political, economic, defence, maritime, and developmental cooperation. The present study analyzes the major dimensions of India–Sri Lanka relations, with particular emphasis on the growing strategic presence of China in Sri Lanka and India's role during Sri Lanka's economic crisis of 2022. Based on the theoretical perspectives of Realism, Neo-Realism, and Complex Interdependence, the study demonstrates that despite challenges such as the fishermen's dispute, the Tamil issue, and geopolitical competition, bilateral relations have become stronger and increasingly multidimensional. The study concludes that the future success of India–Sri Lanka relations will depend on strengthening mutual trust, regional cooperation, maritime security, economic partnership, and shared strategic interests in the Indo-Pacific region. Abstract: भारत और श्रीलंका के मध्य संबंध ऐतिहासिक, सांस्कृतिक, भौगोलिक एवं सामरिक आधारों पर स्थापित एक महत्वपूर्ण द्विपक्षीय साझेदारी हैं। वर्ष 2014–2025 के दौरान भारत की पड़ोसी प्रथम नीति तथा सागर दृष्टिकोण के अंतर्गत दोनों देशों के बीच राजनीतिक, आर्थिक, रक्षा, समुद्री एवं विकासात्मक सहयोग में उल्लेखनीय वृद्धि हुई। प्रस्तुत अध्ययन में भारत–श्रीलंका संबंधों के प्रमुख आयामों का विश्लेषण करते हुए चीन की बढ़ती रणनीतिक उपस्थिति तथा वर्ष 2022 के श्रीलंका के आर्थिक संकट के दौरान भारत की भूमिका का मूल्यांकन किया गया है। यथार्थवाद, नव-यथार्थवाद तथा जटिल पारस्परिक निर्भरता के सैद्धांतिक दृष्टिकोणों पर आधारित यह अध्ययन दर्शाता है कि मत्स्य विवाद, तमिल प्रश्न और भू-राजनीतिक प्रतिस्पर्धा जैसी चुनौतियों के बावजूद दोनों देशों के संबंध अधिक सुदृढ़ एवं बहुआयामी बने हैं। अध्ययन का निष्कर्ष है कि भविष्य में भारत–श्रीलंका संबंधों की सफलता पारस्परिक विश्वास, क्षेत्रीय सहयोग, समुद्री सुरक्षा, आर्थिक साझेदारी तथा इंडो-पैसिफिक क्षेत्र में साझा रणनीतिक हितों को सुदृढ़ करने पर निर्भर करेगी। Keywords: भारत–श्रीलंका संबंध, पड़ोसी प्रथम नीति, सागर (SAGAR), इंडो-पैसिफिक, समुद्री सुरक्षा, आर्थिक कूटनीति, सामरिक साझेदारी, श्रीलंका का आर्थिक संकट।
Teachings of the Lesser-Known Sufi Saints of Rajasthan and the Discourse on Social Harmony
Rajasthan has long been one of the richest regions of India in terms of cultural heritage, folk traditions, and religious coexistence. The Sufi tradition occupies a distinctive place in the state's cultural legacy. Generally, when Sufi saints of Rajasthan are mentioned, the name of Khwaja Moinuddin Chishti comes to mind first. However, besides him, there were numerous lesser-known Sufi saints who, through their lives, teachings, and service to society, provided new dimensions to social harmony, religious tolerance, and cultural integration. Saints such as Sheikh Hamiduddin Nagauri, Hamiduddin Rehani, Hazrat Hisamuddin Sokhta, Sheikh Fakhruddin Sarwari, Bibi Hafiza Jamal, Narhad Pir (Hazrat Shakkar Baba), and Syed Fakhruddin embraced love, compassion, service, equality, and human dignity as the guiding principles of their lives. Their teachings were not confined merely to spiritual enlightenment; they also sought to eliminate the social, religious, and caste-based divisions prevalent in society. Through their inclusive approach, they promoted communal harmony and mutual respect among people of diverse backgrounds. The present research paper analyzes the teachings of these lesser-known Sufi saints of Rajasthan from the perspective of social harmony, highlighting their significant contributions to fostering religious tolerance, cultural synthesis, and peaceful coexistence. Abstract: राजस्थान भारतीय संस्कृति, लोक परम्पराओं और धार्मिक सह-अस्तित्व की दृष्टि से अत्यंत समृद्ध प्रदेश रहा है। यहाँ की सांस्कृतिक विरासत में सूफ़ी परम्परा का विशेष स्थान है। सामान्यतः राजस्थान में सूफ़ी संतों का उल्लेख होने पर सर्वप्रथम ख्वाजा मोइनुद्दीन चिश्ती का नाम सामने आता है, किन्तु उनके अतिरिक्त अनेक ऐसे सूफ़ी संत भी हुए जिन्होंने अपने जीवन, शिक्षाओं और लोकसेवा के माध्यम से सामाजिक समरसता, धार्मिक सहिष्णुता और सांस्कृतिक समन्वय को नई दिशा प्रदान की। शेख हमीदुद्दीन नागौरी, हमीदुद्दीन रेहानी, हजरत हिसामुद्दीन सोख्ता, शेख फखरुद्दीन सरवाड़ी, बीबी हाफिज़ा जमाल, नरहड़ पीर (हजरत शक्कर बाबा) तथा सैय्यद फखरुद्दीन जैसे संतों ने प्रेम, करुणा, सेवा, समानता और मानवीय गरिमा को अपने जीवन का आधार बनाया। इन संतों की शिक्षाएँ केवल आध्यात्मिक उन्नयन तक सीमित नहीं थीं, बल्कि उन्होंने समाज में व्याप्त जातीय, धार्मिक तथा सामाजिक विभाजनों को समाप्त करने का भी प्रयास किया। प्रस्तुत शोध-पत्र में राजस्थान के इन अल्प-ज्ञात सूफ़ी संतों की शिक्षाओं का सामाजिक समरसता के संदर्भ में विश्लेषण किया गया है। Keywords: राजस्थान, सूफ़ी संत, सामाजिक समरसता, धार्मिक सहिष्णुता, चिश्ती परम्परा, लोकसंस्कृति, सांस्कृतिक समन्वय।
The Contemporary Relevance of Gandhian Philosophy in Global Peace and Conflict Resolution
In the contemporary global scenario, challenges such as war, terrorism, religious extremism, racial conflicts, economic inequality, climate change, and the proliferation of nuclear weapons have emerged as serious threats to world peace. The Russia–Ukraine war, the Israel–Palestine conflict, and the increasing incidence of violence in various parts of the world have clearly demonstrated that lasting peace cannot be achieved solely through military power or political dominance. In such circumstances, the Gandhian philosophy, founded on the principles of truth (Satya), non-violence (Ahimsa), Satyagraha, dialogue, tolerance, and Sarvodaya (the welfare of all), offers a practical as well as ethical approach to global peace and conflict resolution. Gandhian ideals emphasize peaceful coexistence, mutual understanding, justice, and human dignity as the foundation for resolving conflicts and promoting sustainable peace. The study concludes that if the international community effectively incorporates Gandhian values into the processes of global governance, diplomacy, and peace-building, it can contribute significantly to the establishment of a more just, inclusive, and peaceful world order. Abstract: वर्तमान वैश्विक परिदृश्य में युद्ध, आतंकवाद, धार्मिक कट्टरता, नस्लीय संघर्ष, आर्थिक असमानता, जलवायु परिवर्तन तथा परमाणु हथियारों की प्रतिस्पर्धा जैसी चुनौतियाँ विश्व शांति के लिए गंभीर खतरा बन चुकी हैं। रूस–यूक्रेन युद्ध, इज़राइल–फिलिस्तीन संघर्ष तथा विभिन्न क्षेत्रों में बढ़ती हिंसक घटनाओं ने यह स्पष्ट कर दिया है कि केवल सैन्य शक्ति अथवा राजनीतिक प्रभुत्व के आधार पर स्थायी शांति स्थापित नहीं की जा सकती। ऐसी परिस्थितियों में महात्मा गांधी द्वारा प्रतिपादित सत्य, अहिंसा, सत्याग्रह, संवाद, सहिष्णुता तथा सर्वोदय पर आधारित गांधीवादी दर्शन वैश्विक शांति एवं संघर्ष समाधान के लिए एक व्यवहारिक तथा नैतिक विकल्प प्रस्तुत करता है। यदि अंतरराष्ट्रीय समुदाय गांधीवादी मूल्यों को वैश्विक शासन, कूटनीति तथा शांति-निर्माण की प्रक्रियाओं में प्रभावी रूप से अपनाता है, तो अधिक न्यायपूर्ण, समावेशी तथा शांतिपूर्ण विश्व व्यवस्था की स्थापना संभव हो सकती है। Keywords: गांधीवाद, विश्व शांति, संघर्ष समाधान, अहिंसा, सत्याग्रह, अंतरराष्ट्रीय संबंध, संयुक्त राष्ट्र, सतत विकास।
Dismantling the Hidden Curriculum: A Conceptual Framework for Gender-Responsive Curricular Transformation in Higher Education
The pursuit of gender equality in higher education has increasingly become a global priority, reflected in international frameworks such as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), UNESCO's Gender Equality Strategy, and India's National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. While significant progress has been achieved in improving access to higher education, persistent gender inequalities continue to operate through the hidden curriculum—the implicit values, norms, institutional practices, and social interactions that shape learners' experiences beyond the formal curriculum. These invisible mechanisms influence students' academic participation, leadership opportunities, career aspirations, and perceptions of gender roles, often reinforcing existing social inequalities. This conceptual paper critically examines the role of the hidden curriculum in perpetuating gender disparities within higher education and proposes a comprehensive framework for gender-responsive curricular transformation. Adopting a qualitative conceptual research design, the study employs a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) and thematic analysis of peer-reviewed journal articles, policy documents, and reports published by UNESCO, OECD, UN Women, and the Government of India. The review identifies five interrelated dimensions through which hidden curricula influence gender equity: curriculum content, pedagogical practices, institutional culture, leadership and governance, and assessment and evaluation. Based on these findings, the paper proposes an integrated framework that combines curriculum redesign, inclusive pedagogy, institutional reforms, faculty capacity building, digital inclusion, and continuous gender auditing. The framework aligns with the objectives of SDG 4 (Quality Education), SDG 5 (Gender Equality), and NEP 2020. The study contributes to curriculum theory by shifting the discourse from identifying hidden gender bias to offering a practical roadmap for institutional transformation. The proposed framework provides actionable recommendations for policymakers, curriculum developers, teacher educators, and university administrators committed to creating equitable, inclusive, and socially just higher education systems.
NEP 2020 and the Integration of Traditional Knowledge with Modern Research
The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 marks a transformative milestone in India's educational landscape by advocating a holistic, multidisciplinary, and research-oriented approach to learning. One of its distinguishing features is the integration of India's rich traditional knowledge systems with contemporary scientific research and innovation. Traditional knowledge, encompassing disciplines such as Ayurveda, Yoga, Vedic Mathematics, astronomy, agriculture, metallurgy, philosophy, linguistics, and environmental conservation, has significantly contributed to the intellectual heritage of humanity. However, globalization, modernization, and colonial educational practices led to the gradual marginalization of indigenous knowledge systems within mainstream academia. NEP 2020 seeks to restore this balance by encouraging evidence-based integration of traditional wisdom into modern education and research. This chapter critically examines the conceptual framework of NEP 2020 concerning Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS), highlighting its role in higher education reforms, multidisciplinary education, curriculum innovation, skill development, research ethics, artificial intelligence, and sustainable development. The study adopts a qualitative research approach based on policy analysis, literature review, and secondary data from government reports, academic publications, and institutional documents. The chapter argues that integrating traditional knowledge with modern scientific inquiry promotes innovation, cultural preservation, ethical values, environmental sustainability, and national development. It further identifies implementation challenges such as curriculum restructuring, faculty preparedness, research funding, scientific validation, and institutional collaboration. Finally, recommendations are offered for strengthening the integration of traditional knowledge within India's higher education ecosystem while maintaining international standards of academic excellence and scientific rigor.
Inspirations of Ram Rajya Embedded in Indian Constitutional Philosophy
Indian constitutional philosophy is one of the distinctive constitutional paradigms in the world, representing not merely a framework of governance but also the broader ideals of social justice, equality, liberty, fraternity, and public welfare. While embracing modern democratic values, the framers of the Indian Constitution also incorporated several ideals rooted in India's rich cultural and philosophical traditions. In this context, the concept of Ram Rajya serves as a significant source of inspiration. Ram Rajya does not imply the establishment of a religious state; rather, it denotes a system of governance founded upon justice, morality, public welfare, accountability, equal opportunities, and active public participation. The inspirations of Ram Rajya embedded in Indian constitutional philosophy are reflected through the Preamble, Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles of State Policy, and democratic institutions. The constitutional commitment to social, economic, and political justice closely aligns with the ideal of Ram Rajya, where the welfare and dignity of every citizen are safeguarded. The Constitution upholds equal citizenship, the rule of law, and the concept of a welfare state, thereby providing a modern democratic expression to the public-oriented ideals of Ram Rajya. This study explores the interrelationship between Indian constitutional philosophy and the concept of Ram Rajya and demonstrates how the Constitution has reinterpreted the ideals of ancient Indian thought in accordance with the principles of modern democratic governance. Abstract: भारतीय संवैधानिक दर्शन विश्व के उन विशिष्ट संवैधानिक प्रतिमानों में से एक है जो केवल शासन व्यवस्था का दस्तावेज नहीं, बल्कि सामाजिक न्याय, समानता, स्वतंत्रता, बंधुत्व और लोककल्याण की व्यापक अवधारणाओं का प्रतिनिधित्व करता है। भारतीय संविधान निर्माताओं ने आधुनिक लोकतांत्रिक मूल्यों को अपनाते हुए भारतीय सांस्कृतिक एवं दार्शनिक परंपराओं के अनेक आदर्शों को भी संवैधानिक संरचना में समाहित किया। इसी संदर्भ में “रामराज्य” की अवधारणा एक महत्वपूर्ण प्रेरक तत्व के रूप में देखी जाती है। रामराज्य का तात्पर्य किसी धार्मिक राज्य की स्थापना से नहीं, बल्कि ऐसी शासन प्रणाली से है जिसमें न्याय, नैतिकता, लोककल्याण, उत्तरदायित्व, समान अवसर तथा जनसहभागिता को सर्वोच्च स्थान प्राप्त हो। भारतीय संवैधानिक दर्शन में निहित रामराज्य की अभिप्रेरणाएं संविधान की प्रस्तावना, मौलिक अधिकारों, राज्य के नीति निदेशक तत्वों तथा लोकतांत्रिक संस्थाओं के माध्यम से परिलक्षित होती हैं। संविधान में वर्णित सामाजिक, आर्थिक और राजनीतिक न्याय का लक्ष्य रामराज्य की उस आदर्श व्यवस्था से मेल खाता है जिसमें प्रत्येक नागरिक के कल्याण और गरिमा की रक्षा सुनिश्चित की जाती है। संविधान समान नागरिकता, विधि का शासन तथा राज्य के कल्याणकारी स्वरूप को स्वीकार करता है, जो रामराज्य की लोकहितकारी अवधारणा को आधुनिक रूप प्रदान करता है। यह अध्ययन भारतीय संवैधानिक दर्शन और रामराज्य की अवधारणा के अंतर्संबंधों का अध्ययन करता है तथा यह स्पष्ट करता है कि भारतीय संविधान ने प्राचीन भारतीय चिंतन के आदर्शों को आधुनिक लोकतांत्रिक व्यवस्था के अनुरूप पुनर्परिभाषित किया है। Keywords: भारतीय संविधान, संवैधानिक दर्शन, रामराज्य, लोककल्याणकारी राज्य, सामाजिक न्याय, नैतिक शासन, भारतीय सांस्कृतिक परंपरा।
The Representation of Trauma and Memory in Postcolonial Novels by South Asian Writers
Trauma and memory in postcolonial South Asian novels represent a major area of literary investigation which prefigures the intricate overlaps of history and identity, as well as the interrelations of narrative. This paper explores the pivotal role of South Asian writers in transforming literature into an alternative archive that challenges dominant historical discourses and reinvents marginalized voices. Trauma as a legacy of colonialism, the Partition of 1947, caste oppression, gendered violence, and displacement is not only represented on an individual level as a psychological condition, but also on a collective and intergenerational scale. Memory is a process that is dynamic, fragmented, and contested as it reconstructs the past and negotiates present identities. Authors portray the unsayability of traumatic experiences, using a variety of narrative techniques: nonlinear structure, unreliable narrator, silence, symbolism, and magical realism. Some of the themes explored in this study include Partition trauma, postmemory, diasporic identity, and subaltern resistance, and how memory operates as a restorative and disruptive force. The paper shows that these narratives are actively resisting official histories and helping to better understand socio-political and cultural complexities of South Asia.
Indian Knowledge System and Different Periods of Hindi Literature: A Study in the Contemporary Context
The Indian Knowledge System is one of the world's oldest and richest intellectual traditions, rooted in the Vedas, Upanishads, Puranas, philosophical systems, Smritis, and diverse streams of indigenous knowledge. This tradition is not confined solely to spiritual and religious thought; it also encompasses broader concepts of human values, ethics, social organization, environmental consciousness, and the welfare of humanity. Throughout its various historical periods, Hindi literature has assimilated these fundamental elements of the Indian Knowledge System and expressed them through diverse literary forms. The Adikal (Early Period) reflects ideals of heroism, righteousness, and folk life, while the Bhakti Period witnessed the widespread dissemination of Indian Knowledge System through devotion, equality, humanism, and spiritual consciousness. Although the Ritikal (Classical Period) primarily emphasized love, aesthetics, and poetic beauty, it also retained significant cultural and philosophical dimensions. In the Modern Period, Hindi literature gave prominence to social reform, national consciousness, the freedom movement, and human values, representing a contemporary reinterpretation of the Indian Knowledge System. In the present era of globalization, technological advancement, and cultural transformation, the Indian Knowledge System has once again emerged as highly relevant. Contemporary discourses in Hindi literature, including feminist studies, Dalit studies, environmental discourse, and cultural studies, increasingly reflect various dimensions of this tradition in new and meaningful ways. The present study examines the expression of the Indian Knowledge System across different periods of Hindi literature, its historical development, and its relevance in contemporary contexts. The study concludes that the Indian Knowledge System has served as the ideological foundation of Hindi literature and continues to play a significant role in the social, cultural, and ethical reconstruction of contemporary society. Abstract: भारतीय ज्ञान परंपरा विश्व की प्राचीनतम एवं समृद्ध बौद्धिक परंपराओं में से एक है, जिसका आधार वेद, उपनिषद, पुराण, दर्शन, स्मृतियाँ तथा लोक-ज्ञान की विविध धाराएँ हैं। यह परंपरा केवल आध्यात्मिक और धार्मिक विचारों तक सीमित नहीं है, बल्कि जीवन-मूल्यों, नैतिकता, सामाजिक व्यवस्था, प्रकृति के प्रति संवेदनशीलता तथा मानव कल्याण की व्यापक अवधारणाओं को भी समाहित करती है। हिंदी साहित्य ने अपने विभिन्न कालखंडों में भारतीय ज्ञान परंपरा के इन मूल तत्वों को आत्मसात करते हुए उन्हें साहित्यिक अभिव्यक्ति प्रदान की है। आदिकाल में वीरता, धर्म और लोकजीवन के आदर्शों का चित्रण मिलता है, जबकि भक्तिकाल में भक्ति, समता, मानवता और आध्यात्मिक चेतना के माध्यम से भारतीय ज्ञान परंपरा का व्यापक प्रसार हुआ। रीतिकाल में यद्यपि श्रृंगार और काव्य-सौंदर्य प्रमुख रहे, तथापि उसमें सांस्कृतिक और दार्शनिक तत्वों की उपस्थिति भी दृष्टिगत होती है। आधुनिक काल में सामाजिक सुधार, राष्ट्रीय चेतना, स्वतंत्रता संघर्ष और मानवीय मूल्यों को साहित्य में प्रमुखता मिली, जो भारतीय ज्ञान परंपरा के समसामयिक पुनर्पाठ का उदाहरण है। वर्तमान वैश्वीकरण, तकनीकी विकास और सांस्कृतिक संक्रमण के दौर में भारतीय ज्ञान परंपरा पुनः प्रासंगिक होती दिखाई दे रही है। हिंदी साहित्य के समकालीन विमर्शों जैसे स्त्री विमर्श, दलित विमर्श, पर्यावरण विमर्श तथा सांस्कृतिक अध्ययन में भारतीय ज्ञान परंपरा के अनेक आयाम नए रूप में उभर रहे हैं। प्रस्तुत अध्ययन हिंदी साहित्य के विभिन्न कालखंडों में भारतीय ज्ञान परंपरा की अभिव्यक्ति, उसके विकास तथा समकालीन संदर्भों में उसकी प्रासंगिकता का अध्ययन करता है। यह अध्ययन स्पष्ट करता है कि भारतीय ज्ञान परंपरा हिंदी साहित्य की वैचारिक आधारशिला रही है और आज भी सामाजिक, सांस्कृतिक तथा नैतिक पुनर्निर्माण में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभा रही है। Keywords: भारतीय ज्ञान परंपरा, हिंदी साहित्य, समकालीन साहित्य, सांस्कृतिक चेतना, भारतीय दर्शन, आध्यात्मिकता, मानवीय मूल्य।
Echoes of the Unconscious: Lacanian Readings of Identity and the Symbolic in The Shadow Lines and The Strange Case of Billy Biswas
This paper applies Lacanian psychoanalytic theory to examine identity, desire, and the symbolic order in Amitav Ghosh’s The Shadow Lines and Arun Joshi’s The Strange Case of Billy Biswas. Using Lacan’s concepts of the Imaginary, Symbolic, and Real, the study argues that both novels present the subject as divided, unstable, and shaped by lack. In The Shadow Lines, fragmented memory, blurred borders, and acts of violence reveal how identity is constructed through language and social structures. In The Strange Case of Billy Biswas, Billy’s estrangement from urban life and his movement toward the tribal world reflect a refusal of symbolic norms and a search for wholeness that remains unattainable. The comparative reading shows that both texts explore the tension between the desire for unity and the fragmented nature of selfhood. Ultimately, the paper suggests that a Lacanian reading offers deeper insight into how postcolonial identity is formed, displaced, and troubled by language, memory, and desire.
Human-Wildlife Conflict: Causes, Consequences, and Mitigation Strategies
Human-wildlife conflict (HWC) represents one of the most pressing socio-ecological challenges confronting contemporary India, where expanding human populations and recovering wildlife populations increasingly compete for shrinking landscapes. This article provides a comprehensive examination of the causes, consequences, and mitigation strategies for HWC in the Indian context. Drawing upon peer-reviewed research, government data, and empirical case studies published between 2020-2023, we analyze the multifaceted nature of this phenomenon. A systematic review reveals that most HWC-related research has been concentrated in Karnataka, followed by Kerala and West Bengal, with elephants identified as the highest conflict species, followed by wild pigs and leopards (Shameer et al., 2023). Key drivers include habitat fragmentation and loss, agricultural expansion, infrastructure development, and the expansion of wildlife populations into human-dominated landscapes. The consequences extend beyond immediate human casualties and economic losses to encompass psychological trauma, livelihood destabilization, retaliatory wildlife killings, and erosion of public support for conservation. Research from the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve demonstrates that anthropogenic pressure reducing grass biomass and degrading habitat is the likely root cause of human-elephant conflict, and minimizing it would reduce overall conflict (Baskaran et al., 2023). We evaluate existing mitigation approaches including physical barriers, early warning systems, community-based initiatives, and compensation mechanisms. The analysis highlights the importance of interdisciplinary approaches and multiple stakeholder involvement for effective HWC management (Shameer et al., 2023). We argue that sustainable solutions require moving beyond reactive, species-centric interventions toward integrated landscape planning that addresses both ecological and social dimensions of conflict.
Narendra Modi and Central Asia: Reimagining India's Eurasian Strategy
The Central Asian region of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan is a strategic crossroad area between Asia and Europe. As a prime minister in power from 2014, Narendra Modi has been more assertive and re-oriented his foreign policy in this region compared to the “episodic” approach of his predecessors. With a focus on the Connect Central Asia Policy, the India–Central Asia Summit of 2022, energy diplomacy, the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC), and India's attempt to address the triangular geopolitics between China, Russia, and Pakistan, the paper critically analyzes the evolution, elements, and limitations of India's Central Asia policy under the Modi administration. The study makes the case—based on primary diplomatic documents and secondary academic literature—those structural factors, like China's influence through the Belt and Road Initiative and Pakistan's rejection of transit rights, continue to limit the depth of engagement, even in light of Central Asia's growing significance in India's strategic considerations in Eurasia. The paper ends by outlining the potential avenues for India to make an impactful presence in this geopolitically contested region.
Cybercrime Investigation and Evidentiary Challenges
In the digital era, the rapid growth in the use of the internet, social media, online banking, and e-commerce has led to a significant increase in cybercrimes. Cybercrimes are no longer confined to individuals alone; they also affect national security, the economic system, and the social structure of society. The investigation of cybercrimes is more complex than that of traditional crimes because it involves various issues such as digital evidence, technical expertise, international jurisdiction, and privacy concerns. This research paper analyzes the concept and types of cybercrime, the investigation process, the importance of digital evidence, and the major challenges faced during cybercrime investigations. It also examines the Indian legal framework relating to cybercrime investigation with reference to the Information Technology Act, 2000 and the Indian Evidence Act. Finally, the paper provides important suggestions and reforms for the effective control and prevention of cybercrimes.
Hume’s Bundle Theory Revisited: Self, Identity, and the Problem of the Unified Subject
One of the most central and hotly contested topics in philosophical history is the idea of the self. Because it questions the conventional wisdom about a fixed and unchanging self, David Hume’s Bundle Theory stands out among the competing theories of individual identity. This study takes a fresh look at Hume’s Bundle Theory, this time analysing how it addresses the issues of subject unity, individuality, and self-awareness. According to Hume, we do not have direct experience of a substantial self; instead, our so-called self is nothing more than a collection of ever-evolving perceptions linked by memory, similarity, and causality. By arguing against the idea of an immutable mental substance, Hume provides a new, empirically-based way of looking at individual identity. The research delves into how Bundle Theory clarifies the formation of individual identities via psychological continuity and analyses Hume’s criticism of the substantial self. One of the major objections to Hume’s position, the unified subject problem, is further explored. While critics like Kant and subsequent philosophers acknowledge that Hume does a good job of casting doubt on metaphysical assumptions about selfhood, they also point out that his theory fails to adequately address the question of how multiple perceptions can be felt as belonging to the same conscious subject. The article also assesses how recent advances in cognitive science, comparative philosophy, neuroscience, and philosophy of mind have reshaped current understandings of Bundle Theory. It contends that, flaws and all, Hume’s theory still has much to teach us about the ongoing arguments around questions of subjectivity, identity, and consciousness. An essential framework for modern philosophical investigation, Bundle Theory has stood the test of time because it promotes a dynamic and process-oriented view of the self.
Embodied Consciousness in Yoga: Re-reading Āsana and Prāṇāyāma through Philosophy of Mind
The rise of embodied cognition and embodied consciousness theories has shifted the focus of modern philosophy of mind to the nature of the connection between the body and the mind. By reinterpreting the Āsana and Prāṇāyāma practices in light of contemporary philosophical discourse on the mind and cognition, this paper delves into the idea of embodied consciousness in Yoga. The research proposes that traditional Yoga teaches a complex awareness of the interdependence of the mind, breath, and body. Yoga teaches that one’s awareness, attention, self-regulation, and subjective experience are shaped by one’s embodied practices rather than by one’s mental processes alone. By analysing Patañjali’s Yoga Sūtra and relevant viewpoints from modern phenomenology, embodied cognition, and philosophy of mind, this paper draws attention to significant similarities between Yogic thought and theories that question the conventional mind-body dualism. Prāṇāyāma, which involves controlling one’s awareness by breathing, and Āsana, which involves being fully present in one’s body, are given particular emphasis. Yoga, the research shows, is multi-faceted, serving as both a spiritual practice and a theoretical framework for understanding the mind and consciousness. Integrating physical being, mental operations, and self-awareness, the article adds to a more comprehensive comprehension of human experience by bringing Yoga into conversation with modern philosophical investigation. It comes to the conclusion that the Yogic understanding of embodied consciousness provides a significant link between traditional wisdom and contemporary philosophical discourse on the topics of mind, embodiment, and consciousness.
Revenue mobilization happens to be one of the challenges for any state especially for Bihar where about 88 percent of the population is still dependent on agriculture (NCAER and NITI Ayog, 2025). A quarter century of bifurcation seems to be apt time for the analysis of the trends and determinants of revenue in the state. There are various factors that affect the revenue base of a state. The chief being the status and trend in State Gross Domestic Product, the percent of urban population, level of literacy to mention a few. A growing state income coming from secondary and tertiary sectors provides a wider tax base and hence greater tax earnings for the state. The present paper explores the relationship between Gross State Domestic Product and tax revenue collection for the state of Bihar.
Regulating Legal Education in India: Role of Authorities in Ensuring Quality and Standards
Legal education is one of the most important parts of the justice system. It prepares students not only to become advocates, but also judges, teachers, researchers, policy makers and responsible citizens. In India, legal education has a special character because it is both an academic course and a professional course. For this reason, more than one authority is involved in its regulation. The Bar Council of India, University Grants Commission, universities, State Bar Councils and courts have important roles in maintaining the quality of legal education. However, the presence of several authorities has also created confusion, overlap and weak implementation in some areas. This article examines the role of these authorities, the statutory framework, the judicial approach and the need for reforms. It argues that the best solution is not conflict between authorities, but proper coordination, transparent inspection, practical training, updated curriculum and stronger accountability.
Legal Framework for Forest Protection, Conservation, and Their Implementation at the Grassroots Level in the State of Himachal Pradesh: A Critical Analysis
Forests constitute one of the most valuable natural resources and play a vital role in maintaining ecological balance, conserving biodiversity, regulating climate, and supporting the livelihoods of local communities. Himachal Pradesh, a predominantly mountainous state in the Indian Himalayan region, possesses extensive forest cover and rich biodiversity. The state’s forests are crucial for environmental sustainability, water security, soil conservation, and economic development. However, increasing developmental activities, urbanization, climate change, illegal extraction of forest resources, and pressure from tourism have created significant challenges for forest conservation. In response, a comprehensive legal framework has evolved at the national and state levels to ensure forest protection and sustainable management. This paper critically examines the legal framework governing forest protection and conservation in Himachal Pradesh and evaluates its implementation at the grassroots level. The study analyses constitutional provisions, national forest laws, environmental legislation, judicial interventions, and state-specific regulations. It further explores the role of local institutions such as Panchayati Raj Institutions, Joint Forest Management Committees, Village Forest Development Societies, and community organizations in forest governance. The paper identifies major challenges in implementation, including institutional weaknesses, inadequate community participation, conflicts over forest rights, and administrative constraints. It concludes by proposing policy and legal reforms to strengthen participatory forest governance and sustainable conservation practices in Himachal Pradesh.
Purification and Characterization of Broad-Spectrum Bacteriocin (Fermencin) Produced by Lactobacillus fermentum 28D1
Bacteriocins synthesized by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have increasingly drawn global attention due to their antimicrobial potential, biodegradability, and suitability for food and pharmaceutical applications. This study examines the production kinetics, stability profile, physicochemical characterisation, and purification approach of a broad-spectrum bacteriocin fermencin secreted by Lactobacillus fermentum 28D1. Ammonium sulfate precipitation (60-80%) was applied to crude bacteriocin derived from cell-free supernatant, resulting in a 16.4-fold increase in specific activity. Anion exchange chromatography was used for additional purification, which produced a 69.26-fold purification with a 128% total recovery. Fermencin's molecular weight was calculated by SDS-PAGE analysis to be roughly 8.5 kDa. Enzyme susceptibility studies revealed complete inhibition by proteolytic enzymes, confirming its proteinaceous nature, whereas lipase and catalase exhibited negligible impact. Thermal stability assays demonstrated activity retention from 60°C to 100°C, followed by a decline above autoclaving temperature. PH tolerance was maximal between 4–7 but appreciable activity persisted from pH 2–8. Production kinetics indicated that optimal bacteriocin yield occurred at 35°C and pH 6.5 after 24 h of incubation. The findings demonstrate that fermencin is a thermostable, moderately acid-tolerant peptide with industrial relevance in food preservation, probiotics, and therapeutic applications. This research contributes significantly to bacteriocin biotechnology, specifically highlighting purification efficiency, stability, and optimal fermentation parameters necessary for scale-up and commercialization.
A life-skills program is a crucial, values-based course of study intended to provide learners with usable approaches for choosing actions that are beneficial and supportive of well-being. Through encouraging introspection, this approach helps teenagers assess their own talents, abilities, and growth markers with clear-eyed judgment. It also strengthens social flexibility, helping young people fit within their surroundings and choose options that reflect responsibility toward others. Instead of depending on one-way teaching, life-skills instruction applies active learning techniques, including team-based tasks, idea-generation activities, hands-on enactments, learning games, and organized argumentation. An ordinary lesson flow starts by briefly examining what learners already understand about a chosen situation. Next come student-to-student conversations, practical rehearsal via acted scenarios, and then tailored take-home tasks that prompt learners to use the new abilities with relatives and peers. In the end, this guided, step-by-step coaching format releases natural strengths and steers learners toward socially positive ways of living.
The Concept of Moksha Philosophy and Avatarism in the Teachings of Saint Dariya Sahib of Bihar
The Indian saint tradition has made a significant contribution to the development of spiritual consciousness, social harmony, and humanistic values in medieval Indian society. Among the prominent saints of the Nirguna Bhakti tradition, Saint Dariya Sahib of Bihar occupies a distinctive place. Through his teachings, he opposed religious ostentation, rituals, and orthodox beliefs, while advocating a spiritual way of life based on truth, love, devotion to the true Guru (Sadguru), and self-realization. His literature presents a profound exposition of philosophical concepts such as Brahman, Jiva (soul), Maya, Moksha, Sadguru, Satnam, and Avatarism. Saint Dariya Sahib regarded Moksha as the supreme goal of human life and emphasized that refuge in the Sadguru, self-knowledge, selfless devotion, love, and detachment are essential for its attainment. According to him, Moksha is not merely a state attained after death but can also be experienced during one’s lifetime in the form of Jivan-Mukti (liberation while living). On the other hand, although he belonged to the Nirguna saint tradition, his teachings reveal a distinctive and integrative form of Avatarism. He interpreted avatars such as Rama and Krishna as symbols of the divine light of the Supreme Brahman and provided a spiritual explanation of their significance. Thus, his concept of Avatarism differs from the traditional mythological understanding and assumes a spiritual and philosophical character. Abstract in Hindi Language: भारतीय संत परम्परा ने मध्यकालीन भारतीय समाज में आध्यात्मिक चेतना, सामाजिक समरसता तथा मानवतावादी मूल्यों के विकास में महत्वपूर्ण योगदान दिया है। निर्गुण भक्ति धारा के प्रमुख संतों में बिहार के संत दरिया साहब का विशिष्ट स्थान है। उन्होंने अपनी वाणी के माध्यम से धार्मिक आडम्बरों, कर्मकाण्डों तथा रूढ़िवादी मान्यताओं का विरोध करते हुए सत्य, प्रेम, सद्गुरु-भक्ति और आत्मज्ञान पर आधारित आध्यात्मिक जीवन का प्रतिपादन किया। उनके साहित्य में ब्रह्म, जीव, माया, मोक्ष, सद्गुरु, सतनाम तथा अवतारवाद जैसी दार्शनिक अवधारणाओं का गहन विवेचन प्राप्त होता है। संत दरिया साहब ने मोक्ष को मानव जीवन का परम पुरुषार्थ माना है तथा उसकी प्राप्ति के लिए सद्गुरु की शरण, आत्मज्ञान, निष्काम भक्ति, प्रेम तथा वैराग्य को आवश्यक बताया है। उनके अनुसार मोक्ष केवल मृत्यु के पश्चात प्राप्त होने वाली स्थिति नहीं, बल्कि जीवन-मुक्ति के रूप में जीवित अवस्था में भी अनुभव किया जा सकता है। दूसरी ओर, यद्यपि वे निर्गुण संत परम्परा से सम्बद्ध हैं, तथापि उनकी वाणी में अवतारवाद का एक विशिष्ट एवं समन्वयवादी स्वरूप दिखाई देता है। उन्होंने राम और कृष्ण जैसे अवतारों को परमब्रह्म की ज्योति का प्रतीक मानते हुए उनकी आध्यात्मिक व्याख्या प्रस्तुत की है। इस प्रकार उनका अवतारवाद पारम्परिक पौराणिक अवधारणा से भिन्न होकर आध्यात्मिक एवं दार्शनिक स्वरूप ग्रहण कर लेता है। Keywords: संत दरिया साहब, मोक्ष-दर्शन, अवतारवाद, निर्गुण भक्ति, सद्गुरु, सतनाम, जीवन-मुक्ति, आत्मज्ञान।
Forest Fires in Uttarakhand: Sociological Implications and the Potential of Pirul-Based Livelihood Interventions
Forest fires have become one of the most significant environmental challenges in the Himalayan state of Uttarakhand. The increasing frequency and intensity of forest fires have generated serious ecological, economic, and social consequences. A major factor contributing to these fires is the accumulation of chir pine (Pinus roxburghii) needles, locally known as pirul, which are highly inflammable due to their resin content. While considerable research has focused on the ecological aspects of forest fires, comparatively less attention has been paid to their sociological implications. The present paper examines the relationship between forest fires, pirul accumulation, and rural society in Uttarakhand using secondary data. The study explores the causes and consequences of forest fires and analyses the potential of pirul utilization as a strategy for both forest fire mitigation and rural livelihood enhancement. The findings suggest that forest fires adversely affect rural livelihoods, public health, biodiversity, and community well-being. Simultaneously, the productive utilization of pirul through biomass energy generation, handicrafts, and fiber-based products presents opportunities for employment generation, women’s empowerment, and community participation in forest conservation. The paper argues that integrating local communities into forest fire management policies can transform an environmental hazard into a sustainable development opportunity.
Biopiracy and GMOS in India: Legal Imperatives for Protecting Traditional Knowledge under Patent Law
Biopiracy and genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have emerged as significant challenges in the interface between intellectual property rights, biodiversity conservation, and traditional knowledge protection in India. The commercialization of biological resources and indigenous knowledge by multinational corporations has raised concerns regarding unauthorized patenting and inequitable benefit-sharing. India, endowed with rich biodiversity and diverse traditional knowledge systems, has witnessed several instances where patents were sought over products and practices long known to local communities. This paper critically examines the legal framework governing biopiracy and GMOs in India, with particular emphasis on patent law, the Biological Diversity Act, and the Traditional Knowledge Digital Library (TKDL). It evaluates the effectiveness of existing legal safeguards in preventing misappropriation of traditional knowledge and ensuring community rights. The study further explores policy reforms necessary to strengthen protection mechanisms while balancing innovation, sustainable development, and farmers’ interests.
Tracing the Growth of Indian English Literature: A Review of Major Writers and Works
Indian English Literature has developed from a marginal literary tradition during the colonial period into a globally recognized body of writing. It reflects India's historical transformations, cultural diversity, social complexities, and evolving national identity. The use of English as a literary medium enabled Indian writer to engage with both local and international audiences while expressing distinctly Indian experiences. This paper traces the historical growth of Indian English Literature from its beginnings in the nineteenth century to its contemporary global prominence. It reviews the contributions of major writers such as Mulk Raj Anand, R. K. Narayan, Raja Rao, Kamala Markandaya, Anita Desai, Salman Rushdie, Amitav Ghosh, Arundhati Roy, and Jhumpa Lahiri. The study also examines significant themes including nationalism, colonialism, social inequality, gender, diaspora, and cultural identity. Through an analysis of representative texts, the paper highlights how Indian English Literature has evolved into a dynamic and influential literary tradition that continues to shape global literary discourse.
Feminist Consciousness in the Fiction of Rabindranath Tagore: A Critical Study
Rabindranath Tagore occupies a unique position in Indian literary history as a writer whose works transcend conventional social boundaries and engage deeply with questions of human freedom, identity, and gender relations. At a time when women in colonial India were subjected to various forms of social and cultural oppression, Tagore presented female characters who challenged patriarchal norms and sought intellectual, emotional, and social autonomy. This paper critically examines feminist consciousness in Tagore’s fiction through a textual analysis of selected novels and novellas, including Chokher Bali, Ghare-Baire (The Home and the World), Nastanirh (The Broken Nest), and Jogajog. The study argues that Tagore’s representation of women anticipated many concerns of modern feminist thought, particularly regarding selfhood, agency, education, and resistance to patriarchal authority. Although Tagore cannot be categorized as a feminist theorist in the contemporary sense, his literary vision significantly contributed to the evolution of feminist discourse in Indian literature.
Captain Lakshmi Sahgal's Contribution to the Indian National Army and India's Freedom Struggle
The Indian National Army (INA) played a significant role in strengthening India's freedom struggle. Under the dynamic leadership of Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, the Indian National Army encouraged the active participation of women alongside men in the independence movement. One of Netaji's most remarkable initiatives was the establishment of the Rani Jhansi Regiment, the first women's military unit of the Indian National Army, which was led by Captain Lakshmi Sahgal. The life of Captain Lakshmi Sahgal is an exemplary illustration of courage, patriotism, and dedication to social justice. Inspired by the nationalist movement as a young medical student, she later gained recognition as the leading figure of the Rani Jhansi Regiment and emerged as a symbol of women's empowerment in India's freedom struggle. After independence, she resumed her medical practice in Kanpur and selflessly served refugees, workers, and the underprivileged sections of society. Her commitment to public service continued even after independence. She actively worked for women's rights, social justice, gender equality, and democratic values through the Communist Party of India (Marxist) and the All India Democratic Women's Association (AIDWA). The present research paper analyzes her role in the Indian National Army, her contribution to the freedom movement, and her lasting impact on Indian society and nationalist movements. Abstract in Hindi Language: भारतीय राष्ट्रीय सेना (आई.एन.ए.) ने भारत के स्वतंत्रता संग्राम को सुदृढ़ बनाने में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाई। नेताजी सुभाष चन्द्र बोस के गतिशील नेतृत्व में भारतीय राष्ट्रीय सेना ने स्वतंत्रता आंदोलन में पुरुषों के साथ-साथ महिलाओं की सक्रिय भागीदारी को भी प्रोत्साहित किया। नेताजी की सबसे उल्लेखनीय पहलों में से एक रानी झाँसी रेजिमेंट की स्थापना थी, जो भारतीय राष्ट्रीय सेना की प्रथम महिला सैन्य इकाई थी और जिसका नेतृत्व कैप्टन लक्ष्मी सहगल ने किया। कैप्टन लक्ष्मी सहगल का जीवन साहस, राष्ट्रभक्ति तथा सामाजिक न्याय के प्रति समर्पण का अनुपम उदाहरण है। एक युवा चिकित्सा छात्रा के रूप में राष्ट्रवादी आंदोलन से प्रेरित होकर उन्होंने आगे चलकर रानी झाँसी रेजिमेंट की प्रमुख नेता के रूप में ख्याति प्राप्त की तथा भारतीय स्वतंत्रता संग्राम में महिला सशक्तिकरण की प्रतीक बनकर उभरीं। स्वतंत्रता प्राप्ति के पश्चात उन्होंने कानपुर में पुनः चिकित्सा सेवा प्रारम्भ की और शरणार्थियों, श्रमिकों तथा समाज के वंचित वर्गों की निःस्वार्थ भाव से सेवा की। लोकसेवा के प्रति उनका समर्पण स्वतंत्रता के बाद भी निरंतर बना रहा। उन्होंने भारतीय कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (मार्क्सवादी) तथा अखिल भारतीय जनवादी महिला समिति (AIDWA) के माध्यम से महिलाओं के अधिकारों, सामाजिक न्याय, लैंगिक समानता तथा लोकतांत्रिक मूल्यों के लिए सक्रिय रूप से कार्य किया। प्रस्तुत शोध-पत्र में भारतीय राष्ट्रीय सेना में उनकी भूमिका, स्वतंत्रता आंदोलन में उनके योगदान तथा भारतीय समाज और राष्ट्रवादी आंदोलनों पर उनके स्थायी प्रभाव का विश्लेषण किया गया है। Keywords: लक्ष्मी सहगल, भारतीय राष्ट्रीय सेना, रानी झाँसी रेजिमेंट, सुभाष चन्द्र बोस, महिला सहभागिता