RESEARCH HUB International Multidisciplinary Research Journal

Influence of Physical Fitness Level on Student Self-Motivation in Public Secondary Schools in Rulindo District, Rwanda

Ndacyayisenga Theogene, Dr. Andala O. Hesbon, PhD — Sat, 15 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study assessed how physical fitness levels influence student self-motivation in public secondary schools in Rulindo District, Rwanda. Using a descriptive research design, data were collected from 301 teachers and 98 head teachers through questionnaires and semi-structured interviews respectively. Findings revealed that 39.7% of teachers acknowledged students use sports to make effective school progress, though 58.9% indicated students never use sports tools regularly. Correlation analysis showed a strong positive relationship (r = 0.684, p < 0.05) between physical fitness level and student self-motivation, with regression analysis indicating that physical fitness explains 77.2% of variance in student self-motivation. The study concludes that enhanced physical fitness levels significantly improve student self-motivation, though challenges including inadequate sports infrastructure, insufficient professional training for teachers, and limited frequency of sports activities constrain effectiveness. Recommendations include investing in sports facilities, providing professional development for teachers in physical education pedagogy, and establishing regular physical activity schedules to maximize motivational benefits.

The Sociology of Transgender Recognition: Impact of Legal Reforms on Identity, Citizenship and social Inclusion

Shyam Kumar — Sat, 15 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Transgender people across the world continue to experience structural discrimination, restricted citizenship rights and limited social inclusion despite growing legal recognition. Recent scholarship highlights persistent disparities in health, education, employment, and psychological well-being alongside under-representation in mainstream research frameworks. This review synthesizes global and Indian literature to examine how legal reforms particularly the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act, 2019 and international rights indicators shape identity affirmation, access to citizenship and everyday inclusion. Using a secondary data based methodology, the study systematically analyzes peer-reviewed articles, government reports, international rights databases and recent systematic reviews. The findings show that legal reforms have improved visibility, formal recognition and access to welfare, yet gaps remain in healthcare standards, mental health outcomes, workplace inclusion and educational spaces. Evidence also shows high exposure to stigma, neurodevelopmental vulnerabilities and continued socioeconomic marginalization. While identity documents and welfare entitlements have expanded, bureaucratic barriers and social prejudice limit their practical impact, particularly in India. The review concludes that legal recognition alone is insufficient without parallel reforms in healthcare, education, employment, and community-centered research ethics. Strengthening rights-based policies, ensuring gender-affirmative services, and fostering peer-support networks are essential for realizing meaningful citizenship and social inclusion.

Women's Inclusion in India: Constitutional and Legislative frameworks

Dr. Kisholoy Choudhury — Sat, 15 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The Indian Constitution lays the foundation for gender equality and women's empowerment through a range of fundamental rights and directive principles. Over the years, India has developed a strong legislative and institutional framework to support women's inclusion in all aspects of public and private life. This paper explores constitutional provisions, key laws enacted by legislature, policies, and institutional mechanisms promoting women’s rights and gender equality. It further analyzes the progress made, persistent barriers to effective implementation, and strategies to bridge the gap between law and practice. The study adopts a doctrinal and analytical approach, relying on constitutional texts, statutes, case laws, policy documents, and secondary literature. It argues that while India has made considerable progress in establishing a legal foundation for women's empowerment, systemic, social, and structural changes are essential to translate legal commitments into the practical benefits for all women.

Barriers to Safe Motherhood: A Review of Antenatal and Postnatal Care Utilization in Rural India

Prof. (Dr.) Alka Rani, Ankita Trivedi, Dr. Satyam Dwivedi — Sat, 15 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Safe motherhood remains a fundamental public health goal, yet maternal health outcomes in rural India continue to be shaped by deep-rooted social, economic, and structural inequalities. Although India has implemented major maternal health interventions and made significant progress over the past two decades, large gaps persist in the utilization of antenatal care (ANC) and postnatal care (PNC)—services essential for preventing maternal morbidity and mortality. This review synthesizes peer-reviewed sociological, demographic, and public health literature and integrates evidence from NFHS-5 to examine the barriers that rural Indian women face in accessing ANC and PNC. Using a social determinants and gendered power-relations perspective, the paper explores how patriarchal norms, limitations on women’s autonomy, low awareness, cultural meanings of pregnancy, caste and class inequities, economic hardships, geographic isolation, and health system weaknesses jointly undermine maternal healthcare utilization. By weaving together evidence from national surveys and studies by scholars such as Navaneetham and Dharmalingam (2002), Pallikadavath et al. (2004), Kesterton et al. (2010), Hamal et al. (2020), Goli and Niveditha (2014), Girotra et al. (2023), and Thakkar et al. (2023), this review offers an in-depth sociological understanding of why gaps persist. It argues that safe motherhood requires more than biomedical availability; it demands addressing entrenched social structures, redistributing power within households, investing in respectful maternity care, and implementing equity-driven policies that prioritize marginalized communities. The paper concludes with recommendations for gender-transformative community engagement, improved health system responsiveness, financial protection, and culturally informed outreach strategies needed to advance maternal health justice in rural India.

Effect of Client Appraisal on the Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in Rwanda

Mugeni Alaine Gloria, Dr. Athanas Osiemo Kengere, PhD — Sat, 15 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study assessed the effect of client appraisal on the financial performance of commercial banks in Rwanda. Using secondary data from audited quarterly financial statements of nine licensed commercial banks over the period 2018–2024, the research employed descriptive statistics and panel regression analysis. Client appraisal was measured through Non-Performing Loan (NPL) ratios and loan loss provisions, while financial performance was assessed using Return on Assets (ROA), Return on Equity (ROE), and Net Interest Margin (NIM). The findings revealed that client appraisal significantly and positively influences financial performance (β = 0.42, p < 0.001), explaining substantial variance in profitability indicators. Banks with rigorous client appraisal mechanisms demonstrated lower Non-Performing Loan (NPL) ratios and higher profitability. The study concludes that effective client appraisal is critical for credit risk mitigation and financial stability in Rwanda's banking sector. It is recommended that banks strengthen credit assessment frameworks through advanced scoring models, comprehensive borrower evaluation, and regular staff training to sustain profitability and minimize default risks.

Factors Affecting Use of Social Media among Tourists with Special Reference to Himachal Pradesh

Sachin Sharma, Dr. Vinay Chamoli — Sat, 15 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The present study aims to examine the factors affecting the use of social media among tourists. Moreover, the study also intends to assess social media consumption among tourists visiting a hill state of India i.e. Himachal Pradesh (HP). The study would be throwing light on how the tourists visiting HP use social media before travelling, during travel and after travelling that would also include content creation by tourists after spending their leisure time in HP. For this, the study developed a structured questionnaire that was got filled up from the tourists visiting the state capital of HP i.e. Shimla; the largest city of the state. Finally, 100 questionnaires were found to be complete and useful for final data analysis. The above table revealed that 35% tourists used Instagram; followed by 28% used Youtube; 15% used and 14% used Snapchat. Findings suggested that 44% expressed that they read reviews of other travelers from social media and 34 % agreed that they obtain travel information from social media. It was surprising to note that 52% agreed that they post their experience on travelling on social media.

Pregnancy Pharmacovigilance: Safety Monitoring of Drugs and Vaccines in Maternal Health

Anchal S. Dhobale, Akash Kailas Shelake — Sat, 15 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Pharmacovigilance in maternal health is essential for evaluating the safety of medications and vaccines used during pregnancy. Since pregnant individuals are typically excluded from clinical trials for ethical and safety reasons, there is very limited pre-marketing safety information available. This gap in evidence makes it difficult to fully understand the potential effects of drugs and vaccines on both mothers and their babies, highlighting the importance of post-marketing surveillance. To gather safety data, maternal pharmacovigilance uses both passive and active monitoring methods, including spontaneous reporting systems, pregnancy exposure registries, and observational cohort studies. Record-linkage studies and surveillance systems help compare outcomes between exposed and unexposed groups, enabling the identification of possible risks or adverse events. However, low- and middle-income countries face additional barriers such as limited infrastructure, inadequate resources, dependence on passive reporting, and the absence of standardized protocols. Strengthening these systems through better policies, workforce training, improved data integration, and collaboration among stakeholders is crucial for generating robust real-world evidence. Such improvements support informed clinical decision-making and ensure safer use of medicines and vaccines during pregnancy.

Constitutional Review and Political Question Doctrine: Comparative Jurisprudential Limits

Raina Katiyar, Dr Rajesh Kr Verma, Akansha Dwivedi — Sat, 15 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Constitutional review lies at the heart of modern constitutionalism serving as a safeguard against arbitrary exercise of power. Yet, the boundaries of judicial intervention are constrained by the political question doctrine a principle delineating the limits of justiciability in constitutional adjudication. This research paper examines the conceptual foundations and comparative applications of constitutional review and the political question doctrine in three major constitutional systems- the United States, United Kingdom and India. It explores the evolution of judicial power in each jurisdiction highlighting the jurisprudential limits shaped by history institutional design and political culture. The paper concludes that while all three jurisdictions share a concern for maintaining separation of powers they diverge in their interpretative strategies: the U.S. adopts formal judicial self-restraint through the political question doctrine the U.K. applies pragmatic constitutional conventions and India embraces an expansive judicial review tempered by self-imposed restraint.

Prevalence of Teenage Pregnancy among Girls Aged 13 to 19 Years in Nyagatare District, Rwanda

NAKATO Agnes, HABIMANA Amos, PhD — Sat, 15 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Teenage pregnancy remains a critical public health concern in sub-Saharan Africa, with profound implications for maternal and child health, educational attainment, and socioeconomic development. Nyagatare District in Rwanda has reported elevated rates of adolescent pregnancies compared to national averages; yet current prevalence data remain inadequately documented. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 427 adolescent girls aged 13–19 years in Nyagatare District between January and December 2024. Quantitative data were collected using structured questionnaires covering pregnancy history, age at first pregnancy, birth outcomes, pregnancy planning status, and antenatal care utilization. Data were analyzed using SPSS software with descriptive statistics including frequencies, percentages, and 95% confidence intervals to determine prevalence rates across different age groups and sociodemographic characteristics. The overall prevalence of teenage pregnancy was 13.1% (95% CI: 10.2–16.5%, n=56). Among those who had been pregnant, 55.4% (n=31) experienced their first pregnancy before age 16, while 44.6% (n=25) were 17 years or older. The vast majority of pregnancies were unplanned (91.1%, n=51), with only 8.9% (n=5) reporting planned pregnancies. Among pregnant adolescents, 67.9% (n=38) received antenatal care while 32.1% (n=18) did not access such services. Birth outcomes showed that 92.9% (n=52) had not yet given birth, while 7.1% (n=4) had delivered one child. The prevalence rate was substantially higher than the 7.3% national average reported in the 2020 Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey. Teenage pregnancy prevalence in Nyagatare District is substantially elevated compared to national averages, with the majority occurring before age 16 and characterized by unplanned pregnancies. These findings highlight an urgent need for targeted adolescent reproductive health interventions in the district to reduce early pregnancy rates and improve access to family planning and antenatal care services.

Influence of Clarity of Assessment Objectives on the Effectiveness of Competence-Based Curriculum in Public Secondary Schools in Kicukiro District, Rwanda

Nyiraminani Berthilde, Claire Mukamazimpaka — Sat, 15 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study examined the influence of clarity of assessment objectives on the effective implementation of the Competence-Based Curriculum (CBC) in public secondary schools in Kicukiro District, Rwanda. Using a descriptive survey research design with mixed methods, data were collected from 241 respondents comprising 12 head teachers and 229 teachers through questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. Findings revealed that clarity of assessment objectives strongly predicted CBC effectiveness, with teachers indicating that clearly communicated objectives guided student understanding (61.1% strongly agreed) and improved academic outcomes (59.0% strongly agreed). Regression analysis confirmed a strong positive relationship (R = 0.684, R² = 0.468, B = 0.763, β = 0.684, t = 12.813, p < 0.001), demonstrating that 46.8% of the variation in CBC effectiveness is explained by clarity of assessment objectives. Head teachers emphasized that well-defined objectives enhance alignment between teaching practices and intended learning outcomes, though gaps in teacher training were identified as ongoing challenges. The study concluded that clarity in assessment objectives significantly enhances CBC implementation and recommended continuous professional development, supportive policy frameworks, and adequate resource allocation to strengthen assessment management in Rwandan secondary schools.

Second World War and the Collapse of Colonialism: Causes, Outcomes and Impact

Kaushal Prasad Bandhe — Sat, 15 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The Second World War (1939–1945) was a decisive event in modern history. It not only altered the balance of power in Europe but also reshaped global politics. The war left European colonial powers, especially Britain and France, economically, politically and militarily weakened. At the same time, nationalist movements in Asia and Africa gained new momentum, which opened the way for a decisive struggle against colonial rule. Emerging superpowers like the United States and the Soviet Union promoted the ideas of self-determination and anti-colonialism, giving international support to independence movements. The establishment of the United Nations also lent legitimacy to the process of ending colonialism. The independence of countries such as India, Indonesia, Vietnam and Ghana sparked a wave of decolonization across Asia and Africa. In this way, the Second World War not only helped reorganize the global political map but also played a major role in the decline of colonialism and the rise of modern nation-states.

Abstract in Hindi Language: द्वितीय विश्व युद्ध (1939-1945) आधुनिक इतिहास की एक निर्णायक घटना थी जिसने न केवल यूरोप की शक्ति-संतुलन प्रणाली को बदला बल्कि विश्व राजनीति को भी नए सिरे से परिभाषित किया। युद्ध ने यूरोपीय उपनिवेशवादी शक्तियों विशेषकर ब्रिटेन और फ्रांस को आर्थिक, राजनीतिक और सैन्य दृष्टि से अत्यंत कमजोर कर दिया। इसके साथ ही एशिया और अफ्रीका में राष्ट्रवादी आंदोलनों को नई ऊर्जा मिली, जिसने उपनिवेशवाद के विरुद्ध निर्णायक संघर्ष की राह प्रशस्त की। अमेरिका और सोवियत संघ जैसे नए महाशक्तियों ने “आत्मनिर्णय” और “उपनिवेशवाद-विरोध” की विचारधारा को बढ़ावा दिया, जिससे स्वतंत्रता आंदोलनों को अंतरराष्ट्रीय समर्थन प्राप्त हुआ। संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघ की स्थापना ने भी उपनिवेशवाद के अंत की प्रक्रिया को वैधता प्रदान की। भारत, इंडोनेशिया, वियतनाम और घाना जैसे देशों की स्वतंत्रता ने एशिया और अफ्रीका में डिकॉलोनाइजेशन की लहर को जन्म दिया। इस प्रकार द्वितीय विश्व युद्ध न केवल वैश्विक राजनीतिक मानचित्र को पुनः व्यवस्थित करने में सहायक रहा बल्कि उपनिवेशवाद के पतन और आधुनिक राष्ट्र-राज्यों के उदय का प्रमुख कारण भी सिद्ध हुआ।

Keywords: द्वितीय विश्व युद्ध, उपनिवेशवाद, स्वतंत्रता आंदोलन, संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघ, भारत, अफ्रीका, एशिया, राष्ट्रवाद, शीत युद्ध।