The Role and Challenges of Local Administration in the Effective Implementation of the Birth and Death Registration System: An Empirical Study
जन्म-मृत्यु पंजीकरण प्रणाली के प्रभावी क्रियान्वयन में स्थानीय प्रशासन की भूमिका एवं चुनौतियाँ: एक अनुभवजन्य अध्ययन
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.31305/rhimrj.2026.v13n01.028Keywords:
Civil Registration System (CRS), Local Administration, Gram Panchayat, Street-Level Bureaucracy, Registration of Births and Deaths (Amendment) Act, 2023, Medical Certification of Cause of Death (MCCD), E-Governance, Panchayat Development Index (PDI), Digital DivideAbstract
The Civil Registration System (CRS) forms the fundamental basis for the demographic, social, and economic planning of any nation. In India, the registration of births and deaths is mandatory under the Registration of Births and Deaths Act, 1969, which was recently updated through the Registration of Births and Deaths (Amendment) Act, 2023. The system is guided at the national level by the Office of the Registrar General of India (ORGI); however, its actual implementation is entirely decentralised, with Gram Panchayats, Municipalities, and frontline workers such as Panchayat Secretaries, Accredited Social Health Activists (ASHAs), and Auxiliary Nurse Midwives (ANMs) playing a significant role. This empirical study provides an in-depth analysis of the multidimensional role of local administration in the birth and death registration process. The study highlights that although the national birth and death registration rate has reached nearly 99 per cent, several significant challenges persist at the grassroots level. These include administrative workload, the digital divide, substantial gaps in the Medical Certification of Cause of Death (MCCD), and socio-economic inequalities. In particular, the complex procedures associated with delayed registration and concerns regarding privacy and exclusion arising from the newly introduced statutory amendments are creating additional challenges for local administrative authorities. This report critically examines these challenges and proposes evidence-based policies and reforms based on the Panchayat Development Index (PDI) to strengthen decentralised administration and improve the effectiveness of the Civil Registration System.
Abstract in Hindi Language: नागरिक पंजीकरण प्रणाली (Civil Registration System - CRS) किसी भी राष्ट्र के जनसांख्यिकीय, सामाजिक और आर्थिक नियोजन का मूल आधार होती है। भारत में जन्म और मृत्यु का पंजीकरण 'जन्म और मृत्यु पंजीकरण अधिनियम, 1969' के तहत अनिवार्य है, जिसे हाल ही में 'जन्म और मृत्यु पंजीकरण (संशोधन) अधिनियम, 2023' के माध्यम से अद्यतित किया गया है1। इस प्रणाली को राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर महारजिस्ट्रार, भारत (ORGI) द्वारा निर्देशित किया जाता है, परंतु इसका वास्तविक निष्पादन पूरी तरह से विकेंद्रीकृत है, जहाँ ग्राम पंचायतें, नगर पालिकाएं और अग्रिम पंक्ति के कार्यकर्ता (जैसे पंचायत सचिव, आशा और एएनएम) प्रमुख भूमिका निभाते हैं4। प्रस्तुत अनुभवजन्य अध्ययन (Empirical Study) जन्म-मृत्यु पंजीकरण की प्रक्रिया में स्थानीय प्रशासन की बहुआयामी भूमिका का गहन विश्लेषण करता है। यह अध्ययन दर्शाता है कि यद्यपि राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर जन्म और मृत्यु पंजीकरण की दर 99 प्रतिशत के करीब पहुँच गई है, फिर भी जमीनी स्तर पर प्रशासनिक कार्यभार, डिजिटल डिवाइड, मृत्यु के कारणों के चिकित्सा प्रमाणन (MCCD) का भारी अभाव, और सामाजिक-आर्थिक असमानताओं जैसी गंभीर चुनौतियाँ विद्यमान हैं8। विशेष रूप से, विलंबित पंजीकरण की जटिल प्रक्रियाएं और नए वैधानिक संशोधनों से जुड़ी निजता तथा अपवर्जन (Exclusion) की चिंताएं स्थानीय प्रशासन के समक्ष नई बाधाएं उत्पन्न कर रही हैं2। यह रिपोर्ट इन चुनौतियों का सूक्ष्म परीक्षण करते हुए विकेंद्रीकृत प्रशासन को सुदृढ़ करने के लिए साक्ष्य-आधारित नीतियां और पंचायत विकास सूचकांक (PDI) आधारित सुधार प्रस्तुत करती है।
Keywords: नागरिक पंजीकरण प्रणाली (CRS), स्थानीय प्रशासन, ग्राम पंचायत, 'स्ट्रीट-लेवल' नौकरशाही, जन्म और मृत्यु पंजीकरण (संशोधन) अधिनियम 2023, चिकित्सा प्रमाणन (MCCD), ई-गवर्नेंस, पंचायत विकास सूचकांक (PDI), डिजिटल डिवाइड।
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